Before the Internet

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In the 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the widespread inter-networking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited in that they only allowed communications between the stations on the network. Some networks had gateways or bridges between them, but these bridges were often limited or built specifically for a single use. One prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe method, simply allowing its terminals to be connected via long leased lines. This method was used in the 1950s by Project RAND to support researchers such as Herbert Simon, at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, when collaborating across the continent with researchers in Sullivan, Illinois, on automated theorem proving and artificial intelligence.
Three terminals and an ARPfb
Main articles: RAND and ARPANET
A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network, J.C.R. Licklider, articulated the ideas in his January 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis.
"A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."
—J.C.R. Licklider, [2]
In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head of the United States Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency, now known as DARPA, within the information processing office. There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research. As part of the information processing office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley and one for the Compatible Time-Sharing System project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Licklider's identified need for inter-networking would be made obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused.
"For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. [...] I said, it's obvious what to do (But I don't want to do it): If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing. That idea is the ARPAnet."
—Robert W. Taylor, co-writer with Licklider of "The Computer as a Communications Device", in an interview with the New York Times, [3]
Packet switching
Main article: Packet switching
At the tip of the internetworking problem lay the issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network. During the 1960s, Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), produced a study of surviveable networks for the US military. This was based on small 'message-blocks' Donald Davies (National Physical Laboratory, UK), proposed and developed a network based on packet-switching, a technology which had also been studied and analysed by Leonard Kleinrock (MIT). Packet-switching provided better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional cicuit-switching technology used for telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.
Packet switching is a rapid store-and-forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure. This led Paul Baran's US Military funded research to focus on using message-blocks to include network redundancy,[4] which in turn led to the widespread urban legend that the Internet was designed to resist nuclear attack

History of the Internet

Before the wide spread of internetworking that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the local network and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computer model. Several research programs began to explore and articulate principles of networking between physically separate networks, leading to the development of the packet switching model of digital networking. These research efforts included those of the laboratories of Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), and Leonard Kleinrock at MIT and at UCLA. The research led to the development of several packet-switched networking solutions in the late 1960s and 1970s,[1] including ARPANET and the X.25 protocols. Additionally, public access and hobbyist networking systems grew in popularity, including unix-to-unix copy (UUCP) and FidoNet. They were however still disjointed separate networks, served only by limited gateways between networks. This led to the application of packet switching to develop a protocol for internetworking, where multiple different networks could be joined together into a super-framework of networks. By defining a simple common network system, the Internet Protocol Suite, the concept of the network could be separated from its physical implementation. This spread of internetworking began to form into the idea of a global network that would be called the Internet, based on standardized protocols officially implemented in 1982. Adoption and interconnection occurred quickly across the advanced telecommunication networks of the western world, and then began to penetrate into the rest of the world as it became the de-facto international standard for the global network. However, the disparity of growth between advanced nations and the third-world countries led to a digital divide that is still a concern today.
Following commercialization and introduction of privately run Internet service providers in the 1980s, and the Internet's expansion for popular use in the 1990s, the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce. This includes the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail (e-mail), text based discussion forums, and the World Wide Web. Investor speculation in new markets provided by these innovations would also lead to the inflation and subsequent collapse of the Dot-com bubble. But despite this, the Internet continues to grow.

Definisi computer

A tool for people to finish the job. Electronic devices that can be used to process data through a set of programs and can provide information from the results of such processing. In Indonesian often written with a computer.

The term comes from the word Computer Compute, which means counting. This means that each process is executed by a computer is a process of mathematical calculation. So by any computer, either on screen appearance, sound, pictures, etc.. processed in such a way of calculating electronically.

Computers are the result of the progress of electronics and informatics technology that serves as a tool for writing, drawing, editing pictures or photos, create animation, scientific analysis program operates, simulation and for control equipment.

Computers are used to form large enough to operate a program, now a small form with the ability to operate a variety of programs. Electronic equipment (hardware) and programs (software / software) has made a computer into a useful object.

A computer that has only electronic equipment or software, it just will not work. With no two computers can then serve as a useful tool.

Computer systems can also be developed to control the production of machine tools or household appliances. By adding electronic circuits made, then the ordinary computer can be used to control industrial equipment and household. The tendency to control computer applications such as this with the support of IC chip technology has enabled people to make a useful little robots and robotic vehicles used in space missions.

Based diolahnya data, the computer consists of:
- Computer Analog
- Digital Computer
- Computers hybrid

Based on its use, the computer is divided into:
- Special purpose computers
- General purpose computer

Based on the ability scale, the computer is divided into:
- Small scale computer
- Medium scale computers
- Large scale computer

Computer classification is divided into seven, namely:
1. Microcontroller
2. Microcomputer
3. Engineering workstation
4. Minicomputers
5. Mainframe
6. Supercomputer